Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Nursing Shortage Problem

Nursing Shortage Problem Introduction Nursing shortage is a problem that is encountered by most of the healthcare providing institutions in many nations. It refers to a state where nursing professionals’ demand is higher than the number that is supplied to an institution. The role of nurses in health institutions is vital and cannot be assumed. This is because of crucial services they offer to patients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Shortage Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is through nurses that clients gain or lose trust of health services provided by any health institution. This means that the services of nurses is so crucial that anything that may hinder or make them compromise safety of patients should be eradicated. However, it is equally important to ensure that nurses’ workload is not too much for them to bear. This is to mean that for delivery of effective health care to patients, the right number of nurses should always be maintained in an organization. Just like in many countries, in United States, only the registered and licensed nurses can offer health care services in healthcare institutions. Currently the State is facing a problem of nursing shortage. There is a rising demand for nurses in many health institutions in United State, an issue that require to be addressed. Failure to address this issue in time may make nurses to compromise health status of patients in many hospitals. Several factors have led to shortage of nurses across nations. These factors include education systems that do not favor enrollment of nursing as a career and governmental or organization’s policy among others. Method of Obtaining Necessary Approval The organization’ leadership To win approval of organization’s leadership in addressing the issue require presentation of health facts related to nursing shortage in the institution. The statistics of health status and provision and its relationship of nursing shortage in the organization can provide a valid basis for the management to raise concern and approve the proposal. These statistics will provide the recommended workforce for each nurse. It will equally show the effects of shortage of nurses in this organization in relation to the workload of each nurse. This information will convince the organization’s leadership as to why they need to approve the proposal. Fellow staff members One of the best ways to get support and approval from fellow staff member is by unveiling the truth of the matter in this organization. This can be done by asking them some relevant questions concerning their workload in general and the effectiveness of the services they render to patients. By doing so, the staff will be a position to get the facts.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization may for example reflect on the ratio of patients that die to the ratio of those that survive in every 500 patients. In 2005, out of every 500 patients, only five would die and 495 patients would survive in this firm. Since the shortage of nurses’ problem arose, the healthcare is deteriorating each year.   In the year 2010, out of every 500 patients, statistics show that 10 patients died and 490 survived. It also shows that the workload for each nurse has tremendously increased with the increase of overtime working hours and the quality of services provided has generally decreased to a point of making many clients to lose trust with the services rendered by this firm. This is a clear indicator of how nursing shortage problem has affected the institution and why there is a need of fellow staff members to approve and provide necessary support towards the proposal. Description of Current Problem, Issue, or Deficit Requiring a Change The policy of every health care organization shou ld be drawn with a lot of consideration on issues that arise on daily basis and several other possible factors should as well be keenly considered. According to the policy of this organization, it is stated that a specific number of new nurses should be employed every financial year. However, this policy did not consider cases that arise and cause shortage of nurses in the institution, hence, affects the quality of health provision in this institution. Some of these cases include death of some of the nurses, transfers, firing and aging cases of others. All these cases constantly occur in this institution with no replacement of such nurses until another financial year. This leads to continuous shortage of nurses in this organization, a deficit that is not covered even by the subsequent employment of nurses, as the number employed does not include those fired, dead, transferred, or aged. Detailed Explanation of Proposed Solution To solve the problem of shortage of nurses in this insti tution, there is a need for leadership management to revise the policy and make any necessary adjustments. In this policy, the recommended workload for each nurse should be clearly defined and followed strictly. The issue of employing nurses at the end of every financial year also requires some adjustments. It should allow a room for frequent replacement of the nurses that die, those transferred, aging and those that are fired within the course of the year. This way, the organization will be in a position to solve the problem of shortage of nurses and avoid overworking them for provision of quality healthcare services to its clients.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Shortage Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having enough nurses will also help the management monitor carefully the work of every nurse. This is because the management can be able to assign nurses to various and specific wards or other area s for easy monitoring. Rationale for Selecting Proposed Solution Selecting the proposed solution was because it is the only way to provide a lasting solution to nursing shortage, improve the deteriorating healthcare in this institution, and hence restore the lost trust of clients with the organization. It will also reduce relieve nurses from being overworked to enable them deliver efficient and effective healthcare services to the patients. By so doing, health safety of patients will not be compromised. Mortality rate will reduce greatly as nurses will be enough to attend to every patient at a convenient time and in an effective manner.  The module clearly describes the problem of nursing shortage. It states how this problem affects the general population in United States. It explains some of the factors that lead to nursing shortage that needs to be addressed to solve this problem. In addition to enhancing favorable education system to nursing, the module states what nursing admi nistration and policy makers have to do in addressing the issue of nursing shortage in United States. The article explains that that the aging nurses reduces the total workforce each year. This means that there is need for an organization to replace constantly the aging nurses to avoid insufficiency of nurses in a medical institution. Description of Implementation Logistics The implementation of the change and its integration to the organizational structure should be implemented as soon as the report is approved. The integration can be done by making necessary amendments to the organizational structure and hiring the needed number of nurses to meet the demanded number. Both the top management and the middle level management will spearhead the whole implementation process. They are in the best position of initiating change in this organization, train the incoming and the continuing nursing staff and to ensure that the implementation process is has taken place successfully and suits w ell in the culture and workflow of the organization. It is also important for the management of this organization to collaborate with policy makers and other health providers in amendment of any unfavorable nursing policies.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Resources Required for Implementation The main resources in the implementation of this proposal are finances and the human resource. Funds will aid in publishing the materials for advertisement on recruitment of nurses. These materials may include posters, pamphlets among others. Finances will also help the organization to use like television media for wide spread of the information on the same in order to have many nurses getting the information for application. Human resource is needed in the form of the interviewing panel to choose the most qualified and competent team for nursing positions. In carrying out the interview, funds will be required in providing the necessary materials for the same. Funds will also be needed to print and make copies to enhance the training sessions for the successfully recruited nurses and for other necessities in incorporation of the change in the work structure of this organization.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

The Concept of Demoralisation

The Concept of Demoralisation Free Online Research Papers ‘Demoralisation’ is a concept which encompasses the perceived declining morality of individuals in modern western society. Western society’s obsession with the economy, profits and efficiency had supposedly lead to the extinction of morals. I shall consider different viewpoints and contemporary examples to determine the extent to which this viewpoint holds truth. Firstly, I shall look at Weber’s formal rationality and Ritzier’s ideas of dehumanization, referring to Bauman’s example of the Holocaust as evidence of severe demoralisation. I shall then examine Bauman’s writings on Postmodern Ethics and how society acts to constrain our morals. Durkheim’s Anomic Suicide provides a deeper understanding of the extent of society’s regulation and then I shall consider Mestrovic’s account of the deregulation of the economy. Finally, I shall reflect on Ralph Fevre’s more contemporary description of the misapplication of rationality and how this acts to demoralise individuals. In order to grasp the extent of the infiltration of declining ethics into our society, I shall consider the presumed cause of this situation. Rationalisation and the rise of capitalism are the core changes which have shaped individuals morals and behaviour in the modern western world. Max Weber is the key advocator of this position in his formulation of his ideas on the rationalisation process and bureaucracy. Bureaucracy refers to a method of organisation where all action is specifically regulated by rules formulated by officials. These rules attempt to shape society in a way which eliminates chaos, free-thinking and choice in order to achieve a rational and efficient society. Weber developed the idea of ‘formal rationality’, a key component of bureaucratic organisation, which refers to the rationalised principles individuals rely on in decision-making. Institutionalised rules curb the actions of individuals to aid them to a specific end, eliminating any reference to values or morals. Weber stated that formal rationality sees the ‘discharge of business according to calculable rules and without regard for persons’ Ritizer highlighted one of the key dimensions of rationalisation as the control it exerts over people. Human judgment is replaced by rules, regulations and structuresThis dehumanising aspect of bureaucracy links to Weber’s concern about the irrationality of rationality which Ritzier discusses in his analysis of McDonaldisation. Ritzier turns to Ronald Takaki to demonstrate how rationalised settings can act as places in which the ‘self was placed in confinement, its emotions controlled, and its spirit subdued’ (Takaki cited in Ritzier 2004:25). Here, Ritzier is showing how despite the effectiveness of bureaucracy, the rationalised processes can act to dehumanise and alienate individuals. Bureaucratic procedure therefore acts to demoralise individuals and places people into, what Weber calls, the Iron Cage of rationality. By this, he is referring to the extent to which bureaucracy and rationalisation dominates mankind; rather than viewing this as a step towards freedom, Weber maintains that civilization is becoming increasingly enclosed in an â€Å"iron cage†- and this acts to enclose and reduce our moral freedom. Whilst Weber’s views on the deterioration of morals in our society can be appreciated, it is nevertheless necessary to examine some present values compared to those of the past. All Western societies operating under capitalist principles provide some degree of welfare benefit with the generally accepted moral stance of care and concern for the disadvantaged. However, in the pre-capitalist societies of the 18th Century and beyond, the basic rights of health care and education for all were not considered essential. If morality can be defined as the concern with right or wrong behaviour, then there is a need to question Weber’s implication that moral attitudes pre-capitalism were intrinsically superior. The principle example of Weber’s fears of rationalisation infiltrating into civilian life was highlighted by Zygmunt Bauman, who showed how the events of the Holocaust demonstrated precisely the demoralisation invading our society. Bauman was concerned with the apparent dismissal of the Holocaust as a one-off event, a momentary lapse of morals from one prejudice group. His belief was that the distinct lack of moral instincts were due to a malfunction of society; viewing the causes of the actions as due to the rationalisation of bureaucracy. Bauman proposed to ‘treat the Holocaust as a rare, yet significant and reliable, test of the hidden possibilities of modern society’. The precise bureaucratic procedure carried out by the Nazis in the mass-murder of innocent individuals, demonstrated the extent to which modern civilization was, according to Bauman, the Holocausts necessary condition (Bauman 1989:13). The rationality described in detail in Weber’s writings focused on specific elements in society which can be directly seen in the processes of the Holocaust; the rational spirit, efficiency and the regulation of values. Bauman even believed, after re-reading Weber’s analysis of modern society in light of the Holocaust, that the event could have even been predicted by Weber himself! The concept of demoralisation was important to Bauman as he posed the question of how normal individuals can be transformed into the perpetrators of mass crime. For him, the bureaucratic organisation of the Holocaust resulted in the social production of moral indifference and the concealment of morality in actions. Moral indifference occurred as the perpetrators were under complete authority by a movement they were devoted to. The procedures which were undertaken were regulated and ordered into a routine, dispensing with moral obligations. The victims of the Holocaust were also dehumanized through the use of ideology, by demeaning the victims to a non-human state; the full implication of the perpetrators actions would not be acknowledged. Demoralisation was also achieved through the ‘mediation of action’, where the casual connections between the actions of the perpetrators and the mass murder itself was concealed. Bauman demonstrated how the methods of killing increased the distance between the acts themselves and their consequences. Though the use of gas chambers, one individual was not responsible for another’s death in the way shooting an individual would harm morale. Instead, the jobs of building the chambers themselves, parading the victims into the rooms and emptying the chemicals into the roof were divided between many individuals; and therefore so was the responsibility. Bauman successfully demonstrates the way in which bureaucratic procedure is mirrored within the procedures undertaken by the Nazi’s, however rationalisation in society may not be the sole cause of this event in history. The suspension of moral outrage by the people who participated in the Holocaust was possibly created though fear of the repercussions of opposition. There are examples of equivalent atrocities throughout modern history and there is scant evidence to suggest that bureaucracy was the root cause of their creation. The regimes of Hitler, Stalin, Idi Amin, Chairman Mao and Magabe are linked by their dictatorships, subsequent misuse of power and the imposition of a climate of fear which was necessary to subjugate their people. No modern western society is presently ruled under a dictatorship, it relies on a collaboration of opinions and the co-operation of society. The expression of opinions does not result in punishment as there is a toleration of free expression; and this toleration could be considered as an aspect of morality. Bauman focuses specifically on ‘demoralisation’ in his writings on Postmodern Ethics (1993) where he considers the link between post-modernity and morals. Demonstrating distress for the postmodern ‘substitution of aesthetics for ethics’ he exposes how the ‘right way’ is no longer a simple path to take, postmodernity has developed numerous divides of being ‘economically sensible’, ‘aesthetically pleasing’ and ‘morally proper’ Bauman draws on Weber’s writings of the Protestant Ethic and how their compulsive emphasis on morality seeped into all aspects of life. Now, the moral guidance of the church is almost extinct and so modern legislators are attempting to ‘compose and impose†¦ a cohesive code of moral rules which people could be taught and forced to obey’ This demonstrates the imposition of rationality on morals, no longer is morality a personal righteous decision, as free will is viewed with such caution by those in control that enforcement of what is right is essential; ‘untoward, potentially heinous impulses needed to be held in check’ . Weber’s formal rationality appears to be enforced even in our inner most decisions. In Bauman’s opinion, rationality cannot take precedence over moral impulses, it merely can ‘silence it and paralyze’ and would therefore lead to less good being done than would otherwise have been the case. Bauman maintains that morals are precisely non-rational, the morality of a choice is lost if the choice involves a calculation of gains and losses. He advocates that only rules are universal; therefore morals should be ‘thoroughly personal’, detached from any form of rationality as true morals should rest on personal responsibility. Bauman draws on Durkheim’s view of ‘anomie’, explaining that one can only be moral when alone and not subjected to the influence of society, as this is when ‘moral impulse makes an exit’ Bauman is therefore stating that ‘morality is the condition of perpetual and irreparable anomie’ In order to gain a deeper insight into Durkheim’s formulation of ‘anomie’ and its link to the concept of ‘demoralisation’, I shall consider his writings on Anomic Suicide. Durkheim formulated the idea of the state of anomy in his considerations of the influence of both economic crises and ‘fortunate crises’ on suicide rates. Massive setbacks in the economy can be linked with high suicide rates, and this would presumably lead to the assumption that if circumstances were to improve then the rates of voluntary deaths should decrease. Durkheim provided evidence to show that this was, however, not the case. He examined the situation in Rome in 1870, where a spurt of economic growth lead to an increased standard of living for the whole of society. Despite this prosperity, suicide rates soared, shattering the presumed link between poverty and suicide rates. Durkheim perceived these high suicide rates to be linked to ‘disturbances of collective order’ and formulated his concept of anomy. Man has, according to Durkheim, material and selfish desires which provide humans with an ‘inextinguishable thirst [which] is constantly renewed torture’ In order to ever be satisfied or content, these passions require limitation and Durkheim believes that it is society which takes on this ‘moderating role’. Society provides individuals with a set of ideas concerning their upper limit of achievement and this will usually be an accessible goal, thus leading to contentment and happiness within individual circumstances. Anomy occurs when society is ‘momentarily incapable of exercising this influence’ and the individual is thrown into a deregulated state which has no limits to bind them. Both economic disasters and increases in wealth can act to upset the scale, and force individuals into a state of anomy. The severe consequence of this state, for Durkheim, is the incident of voluntary death. Bauman was suggesting that it is only in this state where true morals exist as this is when society loses its dominance over individuals. True free-will and independent thinking from the constraints of society, provides individuals with the ability of pure moral thought. However, Durkheim’s formulated relation between anomy and high suicide rates demonstrates the extent to which modern society constrains us. If the release from influence is so huge that it forces individuals to take such extreme action as death, then it would appear that some restraint is beneficial and thus would be instinctively sought by civilized society. Stjepan G. Mestrovic in his book The Coming Fin de Siecle (1992) applies Durkheim’s anomie to the deregulation of the economy, and demonstrates demoralisation with particular focus on the economy and its infiltration into all spheres of social life. Both modernity and post-modernity have resulted in a reconstruction of society which is in accordance with purely economic interests. Durkheim was concerned with how this exposes society to extreme risks of anomie, as economic crises can therefore impact on all in society in one way or another. â€Å"Precisely because the economic functions today concern the greatest number of citizens†¦It follows that as that world is only feebly ruled by morality, the greatest part of their existence takes place outside the moral sphere† Mestrovic focused on how the news in the 1980s directly portrayed Durkheim’s observations that the economic anomie is a major cause of the public’s lack of moral standards, as it showed reports of a clear decline in business ethics. Durkheim had anticipated the postmodernist ‘success at any cost’ ethic due to society’s obsession with improving the economy and this was unfortunately demonstrated in a number of cases. The Stock Market crash of 1987 had severe effects of demoralisation. Lack of confidence joined with periods of unemployment, welfare dependency and a sense of panic resulted in a demoralised work force meaning that regaining credibility and public trust proved difficult. ‘The economic sphere of life’ previously came second to religious or political life, however now it is such a vast aspect of society it dominates all of social life and acts to alter the actions of individuals. Modern social institutions are now, according to Mestrovic, run as if they were businesses. A key example of this are modern churches, in previous eras churches were simple and sustained from donations and charitable contributions whereas now, Mestrovic exposes how they invest in stocks and hire secretaries to increase credibility and in some cases, profit. The fear is that the domination of the economy within all social institutions can lead to the influence of economic anomie throughout society. Durkheim highlighted that due to this social change, the infiltration of immorality will be more invasive and total. Mestrovic was particularly concerned with demoralisation as he highlighted the three most ‘pressing and controversial modern social problems’ as the lack of business ethics, the selfishness of the ‘me generation’ and the rise of hyper-individualism. The lack of morals which is associated with the cut-throat business world is now seeping into all of social life as the economy becomes increasingly dominant and powerful. To illustrate the way in which Durkheim’s economic anomie is infiltrating throughout modern society, Mestrovic drew on the events following the Stock Market crash of 1987. Firstly, bankruptcies were reported to be extremely high both before and after the Stock Market crash and it is evident that Durkheim stated that bankruptcies can be an indicator of anomie. And secondly, Durkheim stated that ‘When the price of the most necessary foods rise excessively, suicides generally do the same’ and just after the Stock Market crash there were surges in prices for wheat and corn, demonstrating the presence of anomie. Mestrovic concerned himself with the reasons why such mounting evidence of demoralisation have been ignored; he demonstrated that it was not only Durkheim who highlighted the infiltration of immorality from the economic sphere, major influential writings such as the critiques by Simmel in his Philosophy of Money and Marx’s analysis of capitalism demonstrate similar postulations. Mestrovic believed that such links have been ignored for ideological reasons. Post-modernity prevents the study of an idea which demonstrates the ‘instability of human desire-anomie’. The realization of such a concept in a post modern society could disrupt the bureaucratic system and the rationale on which it is based. However, is the business world as cut-throat as Mestrovic is implying? Modern day businesses are now centered on policies which enforce environmental responsibility, fairness towards employees and the provision of responsible services to customers. Ethics within the business world appear to be foremost on agendas, as implementing morale within a work force is vital to ensure the well-being of employees. Although the underlying element is still increasing efficiency and profit, employees are cared and provided for by benefits and services. A key objective for companies is to raise the morale of employees to inadvertently increase business status and profits. The question which arises here is whether morale has in fact taken the place of morality? (A point made by David Riesman in the 1950s). Ralph Fevre, in his book The Demoralisation of Western culture, is particularly concerned with what has taken the place of our ‘hollowed-out’ morality. Drawing on Riesman’s idea of the replacement of morale with morality, Fevre demonstrates how Riesman believed demoralisation had occurred as individuals relentlessly followed the crowd for guidance on values and discovering the ‘right way’ of doing things. Riesman perceived how individuals no longer exercise autonomy in decision-making. In relation to business, the replacement of morality with morale would be beneficial to a rational business system. Autonomy in choices could potentially lead to chaos and irrationally, which bureaucracy is compelled to avoid at all costs. By subjecting employees to a specified morale, limiting choices and moral consideration, order and efficiency can be achieved. Ralph Fevre provides an up-to-date consideration of the issues surrounding demoralisation, directly contemplating its influence on Western society. In his opinion, common sense is the form of reasoning which has led to our demoralisation and has taken the place of morality. Common sense is the ‘general level of knowledge which may be derived from a variety of sources’ but, Fevre, in addition to this, explains that common sense also has a ‘sense-making function’ which appeals to our confused state in relation to our limited access to morality. Emotions and religious feelings previously guided our actions, meaning that decisions were made from a basis of moral integrity. Now, common sense appears to be a more â€Å"reasonable† guide for our actions; ‘it is now established as the standard by which we believe we are required to explain ourselves. Emotions have become vacant because they are no longer considered to be a reliable basis for reasoning. Common sense, on the other hand, is in conjunction with our rational society as it relies on hard evidence, through senses and experience, to explain things. Common sense therefore demotes emotions to ‘useless sentiment which can simply be expressed but never acted upon’. In society’s adoption of common sense as our sole form of reasoning and in the disregard of emotions, morality ceases to exist in numerous aspects of our lives. Fevre therefore places the blame of demoralisation on our reliance on common sense in reasoning. Fevre holds that an individual’s application of rationality and reason is occurring in the wrong place and as a result demoralisation occurs . Through our experience of society, rationality does prove successful in business and in achieving certain aims. The richest people of the world are particularly aware of this, as it may be the rational processes and scrupulous efficiency that gained them their riches and status. It is not a coincidence therefore that a common conception of rich people is their unhappiness as a result of their ‘losing touch with fundamentals’. The perceived effectiveness of rationality seeps into all aspects of life, demoralizing all where it is applied- particularly in relation to personal relationships. Fevre demonstrates his argument by use of an example of a widespread dilemma concerning childcare; whether to continue working and pay for childcare, or to abandon work and stay at home to look after the children. If the dilemma is considered with reference to a cost-benefit calculation and treated as a purely economic decision, as opposed to being considered with the moral reference it deserves, then the application of rationality is inappropriate and morality is lost. Fevre accepts the difficultly of such a situation and that ‘whatever we decide, we are left with feelings of doubt and unease’ but he is demonstrating what demoralisation feels like as ‘in our hearts we know we have put our children into an instrumental calculation and weighed their worth’ Our most intimate, personal and moral decisions are now, in modern western society, being considered with the structure and processes used in the business world- as this is all we know. We strive for efficiency and rationality to such an extent that we no longer know how to apply morality and emotions to day to day decisions. Demoralisation is a negative consequence of the way our economy and our society has been built, but there are key positive consequences of our development. Efficiency and rationality has provided us with a strong and reliable structure which has enabled us to gain from a high standard of living. Profit provides us with money which is required for survival; giving us access to basic needs such as food, shelter and health provisions- therefore is profit really such a dishonorable term? From a negative viewpoint, profit motivation has lead to the exploitation of labour in developing countries as the western world seeks to cut expenses and gain access to cheap commodities and services- we utilize their poverty for our own interests. This is an example of severe demoralisation, as despite this fact of which we are all aware, we relentlessly continue to buy into such services for a more â€Å"reasonable† price to increase our own means. Profit is consistently sought after, however much we wish to prevent any exploitation; our economy has meant that exploitation has become inevitable. This demoralizes modern western society as a whole. In conclusion, demoralisation is a concept evident in many areas of society. Weber and Durkheim predicted the suspension of morality in a bureaucratic society and contemporary examples have demonstrated the truth of their insights- The key issue is whether it is a necessary evil, the unavoidable product of the way in which modern western society has been developed. The question posed to our society is whether morality can return. Research Papers on The Concept of 'Demoralisation'Canaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Three Concepts of PsychodynamicPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital PunishmentBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Thursday, November 21, 2019

African American Studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African American Studies - Assignment Example As Ogbar points out, it is now the case that in the past decade, hip-hop has often "deviated from conventional notions of race," even though race and ethnicity still play a big role (Ogbar, 38). The first section of the chapter deals with the way that definitions of the "real" from the 60s, 70s, and through the 90s. Ogbar argues that hip-hops appeal during its formative years stemmed from the way it pulled from what he labels "black oppositional culture," which opposed "the dominant [white] culture and ideologies" (Ogbar, 39). Because of this, what makes things real in hip-hop is at some level "an intimate familiarity with the urban, working-class landscapes" of the 1970s, as well as basic knowledge of criminal activity in most cases (Ogbar, 39). It is worth noting, however, that hip-hop from the late 90s on has been increasingly political as well, including from commercial rappers who address the problems their ethnic culture faces in "sophisticated and highly racialized discources" (Ogbar, 40). Interestingly, Ogbar also points out that a lot of the essential elements of hip-hop culture came from Puerto Ricans and other non-black ethnicities (Ogbar, 40). This leads into a longer discussion of race, going from what coinstitues a "real nigga" (Ogbar, 44), the rise of gangsta rap (Ogbar, 45), and the effect that a shift from New York City to Los Angeles, with its rampant gangs, heavier chicano presence, had as hip-hop began to feature "raw and bold depiction[s] of ghetto life in postindustrial Los Angeles" (Ogbar, 45). It is especially interesting to see how the group called Cypress Hill, which was made up of Latino artists, used black slang that should have been very offensive, but which ended up making them "the first Latino group to go platinum" (Ogbar, 46). And the way in which Asian-American hip-hop singers do the opposite, by not using black slang at all but still talking out about racism

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Cis333 week 6 case study 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cis333 week 6 2 - Case Study Example The increase in information related crimes is responsible for presence of enhanced information security in organizations today (Lindsey, 2014). Technically, motivations for information related crimes are attributed to the economic importance of private information in technology platforms. For example, cyber attackers seek secret and valuable information either for economic benefits or for terrorism related causes. Whatever the motivating factors, organizations handling private information have a duty to protect and prevent valuable information from ending up into wrong hands. Consequently, organizations typically utilize information security systems like Microsoft Server Active Directory domains, and Public Key Infrastructure to foster information security. Undeniably, some information security systems are better than others. As the Information Security Director for a software company, I would prefer the use of Public Key Infrastructure to Microsoft Server domain in safeguarding vital information inside the organization. Technically, Public Key Infrastructure, commonly abbreviated as PKI, is a system of standardized policies and sequenced procedures meant to secure the sharing of information (Kim & Michael, 2014). In the past, hackers have successfully penetrated network infrastructures by employing tactics like sniffing, man-in-the-middle attack, and denial-of-service among others. These hacking tactics are usually easy to apply when attacking non encrypted networks. In this context, information security developers have learned the benefits of encryption, and distribution of authentication components through independent digital certificates. In essence, Public Key Infrastructure combines the concepts of digital certificates and key en cryption in maintaining network security (Carlisle & Lloyd, 2013). Digital certificates are essentially digitized signatures of the certificate’s holder. In conventional platforms, digital certificates would be

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Purity in its Sense Essay Example for Free

Purity in its Sense Essay Puritans have established a very conservative culture that seeks to impose on its believers a way of life that strictly adheres to God’s biblical laws. Small mistakes are virtuously corrected but a sin such as adultery merits the disdain of the whole community. Despite the Puritan principle that one must continually cleanse himself through following the rules of conduct that society has structured, it has not taken into consideration that forgiveness is a strong dictate of God in order for one to truly deserve his kingdom.    Senseless yet purifying are the morals of Puritans even for men and women who had gone astray.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the book, The Scarlett Letter, its author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, sought to show the foolishness of Puritans to follow God’s laws while the community is prone to misjudgments on people’s characters. It has led to their minister’s, Arthur Dimmesdale’s, hypocrisy in dealing with his own fear of being ostracized by society. This social stigma has also brought forth Roger Chillingworth’s idea of revenge against the preacher and his wife as he tries to do so without embarrassing himself as a man fooled by Hester. It has condemned Hester Prynne to a life of misery and shame because of her adulterous relationship with a man whose identity was hidden from the public. It has likewise shunned her daughter, Pearl, and given harsh scrutiny to the actions of such an innocent child. These misjudgments were all part of the author’s critique of how Puritans can blindingly follow a very â€Å"moral† life when it actually pushes people towards immorality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dimmesdale hid behind the cloak of his position in society to avoid the social injustices that he would have gotten if he honestly proclaimed his wrong acts. Arthur Dimmesdale was highly revered by everyone because of his ministry of humility and kindness.   However, the Puritans were so blinded by his stature and seemingly wise image that they could not understand that he was actually giving his sermons based on his own dealings with sin. Instead of revealing the truth, he had succumbed to the mental torture of his guilt.   He was driven to punish himself privately to endure the mask that he had created to avoid being outcasted. The moral code of Puritans had turned him into a prisoner of his own secrets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the author lacked enough description of the town’s reaction to Dimmesdale’s revelation of his immoral mistakes, readers are still led to believe that Puritans did not have any discrimination on one’s gender when sin was the topic.   The first chapters of the novel were explicit in showing how the people were thirsting for Hester’s revelation as to who was her lover and that all were waiting to give their own judgments on the mysterious person. There were many instances wherein the people had asked for her lover’s name so that he shall also share Hester’s punishment. The scarlett letter on Hester’s clothing is proof that the community disdains not only her act of infidelity but also her loyalty to a co-sinner by not divulging his identity publicly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, Dimmesdale still seems to have gotten a lighter treatment from society because his declaration of the truth was still twisted by some people at the end of the story.   Instead of getting angry, the shocked community had different views on what had transpired and were focused on explaining Dimmesdale’s death instead of his immoral acts.   These may probably be because he was well-respected and had already passed away and not because he was male. It is very ironical that he, the preacher, became free to be happy only when he was able to finally declare the truth which released him from the confining binds of a Puritan society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roger Chillington decided to avoid the Puritan society’s condescension by hiding his true personality in the guise of a doctor instead of a husband seeking revenge on his unfaithful wife and her lover. Although his embarrassment really did not have anything to do with his own wrongdoing, it drove him to seek revenge deceitfully and thus pushed him to immoral acts too. There is also the probability that Puritan culture was so conservative that a man of knowledge such as he felt tied down in his thirst for information that could further his career. Instead of criticizing a husband’s intentional abandonment of his wife in pursuit of something earthly such as knowledge, the community absolved him by the sheer adulterous act of Hester.   This may seem that in some principles, the Puritan society can actually be more biased when it comes to the male gender.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite society’s burning scrutiny of Hester because of her mistake, she seems to show that her grasp of God’s love is clearer compared to those who have condemned her. Shunned as one who does not know how to obey God’s will, people looked down at her and tended to view her as a sinner who did not understand what God was asking of her.   Her reflections throughout the story show how much she has taken each embarrassing glance and condescending remark as her way of penance to purify herself in the eyes of God. The strength of her own faith was able to make her endure all that society had to spit on her shamelessly. In embracing the true teachings of a Puritan life, she was able to recognize her daughter, Pearl, as a unique gift from her God that could help achieve her happiness despite society’s snub. Despite her mistakes, she was able to rely on God’s teachings to pursue a selfless life of serving her daughter and others through kind acts of charity instead of giving in to the temptation to join a cult that would go against her Puritan community. She had a better grasp of what it meant to be a Puritan compared to all of those who were busy adhering to every rule of their society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearl was the subject of intense hatred because she was the symbol of the immoral deeds of her parents. Puritans, despite their profession of love for God, had forgotten that Pearl was innocent of any of the crimes committed by her father and mother.   The child was seen as wild in the eyes of the community and they were bent on separating her from Hester because she needed to be protected from her mother’s seemingly twisted view of faith. The Puritans took it upon themselves to decide upon the lives of Hester and Pearl making it look like it was their moral obligation to ensure that Pearl learned their faith better.   The community’s judgmental nature showed that they were willing to play god in the life of a guiltless child but it was the girl’s unique and powerful innocence that drove both her parents to strive for atonement for their previous sins. The Puritans perceived Pearl as the bad fruit of sin but it was this child that made Hester tightly hold on to her faith despite the odds against them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Puritans strived so hard to maintain clean souls by taking very conservative principles based on their Christian beliefs. However, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel totally criticized this aspect of Puritan life by showing how the lack of understanding of their faith has led them to misjudge sinners instead of truly showing compassion as Christ did when He was alive. The author attacks the Puritan culture’s sense of propriety by showing how real sinners can actually be more devoted to preserving God’s will on earth.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Violence Against Children

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child abuse is the â€Å"saddest and most tragic problem† in the United States today (Child Abuse). Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving more than 6 million children. Victims range from ages of a few weeks to late teenage years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While most child abuse cases are not fatal, some do end in death. Some researchers have even labeled child abuse an â€Å"epidemic.† Because more than fifty percent of child abuse cases are not reported, the exact numbers will never be known. In the 1970's the United States government issued a survey about the number of child abuse cases. The survey showed that there are more than 60,000 cases of child abuse in some form each year. Another survey, in 1976 showed that the annual number of cases had grown to half a million. Though this study was found to have many repeated cases, the government estimated that the number of cases had risen to 100,000 to 200,000 cases per year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. Vincent Fontana, a doctor at New York City’s Foundling Hospital estimated that one and a half million children would be abused in any given year (Child Abuse). He predicted that 300,000 victims will be permanently injured, physically and/or emotionally, and that in the next five to ten year period 50,000 children will die (2,000 per year). He also predicted that it would surpass the top four leading causes of death (accidents, cancer, physical defects, and pneumonia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child abuse can be classified into four basic groups:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sexual   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical Beatings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emotional   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neglect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moral, Educational, Etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical abuse counts for twenty-four percent of all child abuse cases. Sexual abuse is twelve percent. Neglect counts the most with fifty-two percent, and emotional and educational abuse makes up the remainder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical abuse comes in two forms: Physical beatings and sexual abuse. Physical includes any actions that injure a person’s body (Havelin 6). Hitting, kicking slapping, punching, burning, pulling hair, and poisoning are all forms of physical abuse. The use of belts, shovels, fists, feet, whips, chains, ropes, electric cords, leather straps, canes, baseball bats, wooden sticks, brooms, scalding water, coffee and any other hot liquids have all been used in som... ...ll for help. Their phone number is 1-800-999-9999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Humane Association (AHA) is an organization that works with the Child Protection Agency to assist communities everywhere in developing new programs for protection or improving ones in existence. The Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) works to improve the welfare of neglected children in the United States and Canada. Patents Anonymous is a self-help organization. Members meet once a week and speak openly about their problems and why they abuse or neglect their children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Child abuse is a serious offense in today’s society. Most offenses are punishable by jail and fines, but this is not doing enough. As the number of child abuse cases increase each year, all we can do is ask, â€Å"What can we do to prevent it.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Consulted "Child Abuse." Child Help 2014. Web. 28 May 2015. https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/ Havelin, Kate. Child Abuse: â€Å"Why Do My Parents Hit Me?†.Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press, 2000. â€Å"Understanding Child Sexual Abuse.† American Psychological Association. 2011. Web. 28 May 2015. http://www.apa.org/pi/about/newsletter/2011/12/sexual-abuse.aspx   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy

History : Ludwig V. Bertalanffy was born in September 19, 1901, and grew up in the little village of Atzgersdorf near  Vienna. He was  known as one of the founders of general systems theory  (GST). Von Bertalanffy grew up in Austria and subsequently worked in Vienna, London, Canada and the USA. In 1972, he died from a sudden  heart attack. Theory ( Open System ): Ludwig developed open system theory between 1930 and 1956. By the early 1960s, theoretical psychologists applied the theory to organizational structures such as governments, universities and businesses.Any time an individual organization uses resources from its environment–including personnel–in its production, its system is open to outside forces. System Characteristics: When a business regularly interacts with its environment, and exchanges and processes feedback, it is an open system organizational structure. Open systems have open, or porous, boundaries that allow feedback exchanges from inside and outside the business.The controllers of open systems pay attention to their external environment, internal environment and customer needs and reactions. Open systems tend to devise more than one way to accomplish goals or reach similar results with different conditions and operations–what von Bertalanffy called â€Å" equifinality . † This is in direct contrast to closed systems that function under the assumption that there is only one way to achieve a result: a direct relationship between cause and effect. Open Systems in Business:Businesses depend on employees, suppliers, customers and even the competition for research, development and profit. Because the business doesn’t have control of all the environmental forces, it relies on predictions and contingencies to cope with unexpected input. For example, an influenza epidemic can affect suppliers, personnel and even customers, causing lost production and lost profit. Benefits: Open system organizational structur es promote effective problem solving by clarifying the big picture.Continuous feedback and response results in better understanding, by leadership and management, of the organization’s structure within the environment and the interactive dynamics between them. That opens the door for better communication and more feedback. When the system and subsystems have enough feedback, the results can produce more clearly directed planning, intelligent design, useful products and necessary services.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

“Great Gatsby” by Scott Fitzgerald Essay

â€Å"Great Gatsby† by Scott Fitzgerald is one of the best American novels owing to its thematic strength. There are many social themes in the story including Dream, vision, honesty, time, wealth, superficiality and shallowness, societal expectation, disloyalty, immorality and selfishness. The surface study shows that its about love relation between Gatsby and Daisy. But the story has much broader theme rather than big romantic scope. The most dominating theme of the story is that of â€Å"American Dream† or rather â€Å"Perverted American Dream†. It is very symbolic story of â€Å"Roaring Age† of 1920s America, particularly the story of shattering of American Dream in that era of economic prosperity and material abundance. The Great Gatsby is the biggest example of skilled narrative art as it is based on the principle of â€Å"double vision†. Everything in the novel is seen in two ways: on the one hand it looks a romantic  love story of Gatsby and Daisy, and on the other hand it is about   â€Å"perverted form of American   Dream†. Scott Fitzgerald  is successful in writing a fiction which carries two parallel stories at the same time. The writer himself once stated,† The test of   a first rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in mind at the same time , and still retain the ability to function†. The story offers the reader to form quality of double vision to see everything in two ways.The surface study of the novel shows that its about love relation between Daisy and Gatsby, but if we probe into the theme, its about corruption of American dream and a failure to achieve ideals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The writer attempted to make readers see through his eyes. The reader is made to believe in the possibilities of variety of opposed ideas. That’s why it is also called â€Å"an allegorical novel†. The reader forms different opinion about the novel when he starts reading, but he finds everything quite different when he reaches the end. The story shows that anyone in America can and can not achieve success to the best despite his level best efforts and hard work. The reader is trapped in enigma by thinking whether Gatsby would get Daisy or not. This is proved when Daisy rejects Gatsby and later accepts him and the reader is able to believe in both alternates.   Gatsby himself is the most real and the most unreal elite described in the story. The writer presents this principle of double vision more artistically by introducing character of Nick who tells us what he sees and gathers information about what he does not see himself. Everything in this novel is seen in two ways: on the one hand as glamorous , romantic   and exciting ,and on the other hand as crude, corrupt and even disgusting. This double vision applies to people, places and incidents of the novel. Gatsby, the protagonist of the story, struggles hard to achieve the desired American dream, but is also obsessed with  love of Daisy, his beloved. The most relevant scene to this double vision is the reunion between Gatsby and Daisy after long period of five years. Gatsby spends most of his time in earning wealth so that he would impress Daisy and get her love. Daisy, on the other hand, is highly indifferent to Gatsby and her marriage with Tom shows it clearly. Even their reunion has different effects on both of them. It seems as if Gatsby were having only one thing in mind: achieving American dream. But later we assess that he is only obsessed with Daisy’s love. The characters’ mind changes every minute and this change also affect the reader and help them expect any possibility. Some critic writes about Great Gatsby: â€Å"Fitzgerald called The Great Gatsby a â€Å"novel of selected incident,† modeled after Flaubert’s Madame Bovary.†What I cut out of it both physically and emotionally would make another novel,† he said. Fitzgerald’s stylistic method is to let a part stand for the whole. In Chapters I to III, for example, he lets three parties stand for the whole summer and for the contrasting values of three different worlds. He also lets small snatches of dialog represent what is happening at each party. The technique is cinematic. The camera zooms in, gives us a snatch of conversation, and then cuts to another group of people. Nick serves almost as a recording device, jotting down what he hears. Fitzgerald’s ear for dialog, especially for the colloquial phrases of the period, is excellent.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reunion scene is the peak of dramatic point of the novel. The readers have been prepared to reach this point. The image of Daisy’s willingness is followed by an image of Gatsby seeing the greenish bay across from Daisy’ dock. colorful parties are followed by isolation in private life. The reader can’t realize at once what the characters already know. The reader reaching this scene takes interest to see whether Gatsby and Daisy renew their lost love. The reader is also interested in the response of Nick on whose intellectual prowess they depend on a lot. The clock scene also offers confrontation of ideas for the readers. The clock is the symbol of past which Gatsby ever yearns to  repeat so that he could again get love of Daisy. The breaking of clock indicates how awkward past moment looks when brought into the present. The facts that the clock does not work indicates flawed dream of Gatsby to win over Daisy. It is true that Gatsby can’t repeat his past and he can’t get best out of American dream and is rather disillusioned. The novel shows abstract philosophy that an idealist  reluctant to compromise can and can’t survive in this material oriented world. The principle of double vision is made more effective by using Nick as a narrator. The surface level study of the novel shows Gatsby’s thorough indulgence in love of Daisy. Nick is an ideal narrator in the story and is mouth piece of Fitzgerald. His physical proximity to the main characters proves that he is ideal narrator as he knows details of the story from many angels and observes everything quite clearly. It was rather impossible to keep two parallel stories in a single novel which had irreconcilable contradictions. The story of love has nothing to do with American Dream but the writer artistically puts them on right place. From the very beginning we find Gatsby prepared to get what Best America has to offer and he has staunch belief in the face that he will win over Daisy’s love, the  most loving woman he has ever seen. He can only win her if he measure up to the standards of old wealthy class. Nick holds the view that Gatsby’s dream was futile from the very start as he won’t be accepted by prejudiced old wealthy class and Daisy belonging to latter can never leave it resulting disillusionment for Gatsby. Here novel shows the fact that â€Å"American dream of equality for all† was a false promise. The story can be interpreted as juxtaposition of two opposed ideas. The ideals are shattered when they are confronted with reality. The ideals of American dream are shattered when  Gatsby gets love of Daisy, when he kisses her, and when he holds her in his arms. The ideal world, in Gatsby’s case, shatters in the face of the real one. The intricate weaving of the various stories within The Great Gatsby is accomplished through a complex symbolic substructure of the narrative. The green light, godly eye of Eckleburg,†brood on over the solemn dumping ground† which shows America as wasteland due to materialistic society and many other symbols make it easier for the writer to intricate stories containing opposing ideas. He also uses metaphors through which he hints at the standards of morality and immorality through out the novel. Daisy can’t change her luxurious living style and can’t accept the new wealthy class. Jordan Baker boasts of her careless driving. The proper utilization of dual symbolism and ambivalent expressions is truly profound and subtle art that Fitzgerald has mastered in this novel. There is no denying the fact that this beautiful novel offers the readers to form in them the habit to see things from more than one angle. The writer holds the opinion that seeing thing from one way may be faulty and it can be entirely different in reality. Thus it will be right to say that everything in the novel has got double meaning and the writer is successful in using principle of double vision in it.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Classic Tale about Janie Crawford

Classic Tale about Janie Crawford This novel is about an interesting classic tale about Janie Crawford. The identity of this woman takes her through several life processes whereby she gets a good opportunity to learn more about love, to differentiate lives’ joys and sorrows, and then settle in peace with much knowledge and skills concerning life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classic Tale About Janie Crawford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The life expectations of Janie especially how she was treated were very high than what she received. Her life started becoming real when she met young man called Tea Cake, who offered her an opportunity to enjoy life full of love. Although Janie’s story does not have a good ending, there is a conclusion that leaves readers with satisfaction. It is a fact that Janie is a one black woman who tirelessly stood out from the bondage of sorrow, foolishness, and fear. She confesses that she had done the t wo most important things that any human being ought to do; one is to go to God, and the second one is to reveal the secret of how to live for her. Motifs are structures that happen again and again in a piece of literature, and they help a reader or the audience to understand the theme of that piece of literature. For instance in this novel community is one of the motifs used by the author to assist the readers understand his themes. When Janie returns to Eatonville, the author centers his attention to the porch-sitters who gossip openly about Janie’s situation (Hurston 86). There are two major places in the novel that the author puts significance, the Eatonville and the Everglades, the environment that Janie made interactions. In several cases, we are shown Janie’s desire to be part of this vibrant social life, which she feels safe and well connected with other people. For instance in chapter 18, whereby Janie was in the company of Tea Cake, and Motor Boat when they we re looking for a safe place to shelter from the rainstorm. The author makes us aware that the group of these three characters sheltered themselves in shanties with others. The author did not literally mean that they shared the same room with them, but he wanted to show us how they united against that natural disaster which was devastating (Hurston 103).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the author indicates several occasions whereby Janie ridicules the gossip and rumors that exist in these communities. Most of these gossips found within these communities were to criticize Janie especially due to her independence nature and possession of a strong will power. Most of people in these communities were trying to demonstrate a negative picture of practicing unity, because they preferred the total sacrifice of individuality. On the other hand, Janie was against this type of sacrifice, a she was a strong woman who could not allow any person to control her life against her desires. Janie cared much about the outcome of her deeds, and that is why she used to take her time before making such decisions. She did not mind how people in the surrounding community would say and think of her, but she always stood on her grounds. Towards the end of the book, it is clearly indicated that Janie did not behave in such a manner because of fearing death, but she disliked misunderstanding of people (Hurston 186). In the efforts to understand herself better, Janie was very keen to understand what people in the community thought and said about her. The major reason as to why Hurston used dialect in the novel is to put his story and his characters especially the main characters into the real life. The presence of dialect in a story makes the characters to appear real in the eyes of the reader. Whatever the character is saying or demonstrating becomes believable to the reader. The efforts of the readers to familiarize themselves with the new used language make them end up feeling as part of the action or the story. This novel has made much use of the spoken version of the language, for instance, in early parts of the story Hurston acknowledges the readers that there would be use of dialect as the language of his characters. Readers are made aware that at a certain point Janie would narrate her story to Pheoby in â€Å"soft, easy phrases† (Hurston 102). The use of play in the dialect used by Hurston in the novel is to bring out the imagination aspect in the story. When every character is made to act her or his parts, it becomes easier for the reader to understand the concept of the author and get the theme correctly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classic Tale About Janie Crawford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through the use of play also makes the readers to master new and hidden concepts of the story, as it is easy to point out these concepts as the characters are role playing. Another important reason of Hurston to make use of the play is to improve the imagination aspect of the reader, which would in turn improve the understanding ability. In addition to the use of dialect, Hurston as well made use of standard language as the main language to make the story flow, and to keep the reader in the right path. The story may lack its original taste incase the author decides to use dialect throughout the story. The mixture of the two languages is interesting and helps in drawing the attention of the reader. The title of the novel has a greater significance in the story as it is assisting the author in bringing out several thoughts and ideas from the story to the real world of the reader. For instance, during a big party, the severe hurricane starts disturbing people and both the Tea Cake and the Motor Boat are much disturbed to a point of not conc entrating with the party happenings (Hurston 98). Janie tries to make them calm down assuring them that it’s God doing his work, and should not worry. They thought that the noise that they were making in the party was loud, but that one of thunder was very strong compared to theirs. The implication of this strong sound of the thunder was that it was a natural occurrence from God, signifying itself as stronger than any sound from human beings. In the early stages of the story, we read about the power of nature of Janie’s gentle bee, which is the same power of nature shown by the storm. The author uses the storm as a metaphor. Throughout the story, the power of God is signified through various natural phenomenons like the strong wind, thunder, storms, and the strength of the moving water in the lake (Hurston 152). All these natural aspects are used to illustrate the presence of God in the midst of these people, it was an indication that the strong power of God was watchi ng over them in their doings. Work Cited Hurston, Neale. Their eyes were watching God. New York: Paradigm Publication, 2004.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

How to Write a Good Counteroffer Email

How to Write a Good Counteroffer Email Congrats! You got the job and it’s time for negotiations. You know you have to counter the first offer- that’s just good business sense. But perhaps you’re worried about being too aggressive and possibly losing the opportunity. You shouldn’t be. First, do your homework. Some companies are not willing to consider counteroffers. Maybe they have an established salary range that they’ve already maxed out for you. If you’re pressing forward, here are a few tips and strategies to help you get closer to the compensation you want.1. Think before you write.You’re not happy with the compensation package, and they seem open to negotiation. Do some research- find out what the average salary is for your equivalent position in that area. See what other commensurate companies are offering in the way of benefits and salary. Consider the whole package, including any relocation costs, sick days, vacation, family leave, telecommuting, etc.2. Know your va lue.Do some market research to determine what you should be making, given your skills and experience. Craft your best argument for a higher final offer. You’ll want to sell yourself with clear intel and reasons behind you for why you deserve a bump before signing. Look at local salary surveys, calculators, recruiters, colleagues, mentors, even LinkedIn groups and online research.3. Get time on your side.Buy yourself a couple of days â€Å"to think about the offer.† Don’t forget to emphasize your enthusiasm about the position so they don’t think you’ve lost interest. Show yourself to be thoughtful, not impulsive or anxious.4. Don’t be greedy.Don’t ask for more than is reasonable. If you ask for something within normal range, and you’re prepared to defend your ask, then don’t stand down and cave immediately. Let the process work as it should. And if you’re given what you ask, take it. Don’t try to then ask fo r even more.5. Go for it!Type your counter letter up in a standard business letter format. Put the employer’s information and your contact information in the header. Address the letter to your employer. Write an intro that emphasizes your interest and provides reasons why you’re excited and you think you’d be a good fit. Kill them with kindness. Then, in the body, include a short paragraph for every point of the original offer you wish to counter. Make sure to have done your homework and include appropriate reasons for why this is deserved. Then write a polite conclusion reemphasizing your keenness on the position and your respect for the company and their process. Offer, if you like, to meet in person to discuss. Sign it: â€Å"Respectfully yours.† And wait!6. Be ready to walk away.Don’t bluff. The last thing you want to do is put a number on the table and have them refuse to negotiate at all. If you say â€Å"I can’t work here for any les s than x,† and they don’t offer you x, then you have to be prepared to turn down the opportunity. If they are being completely unreasonable (i.e. they don’t have an established salary policy and are just playing hardball for no reason), then you might want to do this anyway.7. Be professional.Keep it classy and keep your tone measured and professional. Back up all of your asks with good solid reasons. Say ‘no’ nicely and learn to hear ‘no’ without going ballistic. Be as assertive as you need to be without becoming aggressive. Don’t be threatening, and don’t take things personally. It’s business, and a perfectly normal process.8. Listen more than you talk.If your process advances to face-to-face negotiations, pay attention to their body language and yours. Be commanding, but not pugnacious. Keep your mouth shut and be strong. The person who talks first often is the one who walks away from negotiations with the lesser end of the stick. And keep personal sob stories about finances to yourself.9. Get it in writing.If you succeed at getting a higher offer, make sure to get it in writing before you sign anything!

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Contemporary Leadership Theory Literature review

Contemporary Leadership Theory - Literature review Example According to the paper findings there is a wide range of leadership theories which have been developed through the years. The theories are classified into seven. The first is the known as the Great Man theories, which are founded on the idea that leaders are extraordinary individuals whose leadership qualities are inborn. The use of the term â€Å"Man† was intentional since it was generally held throughout the early half of the twentieth century that leadership is a male attribute; in fact, William James wrote that the course of history is determined by great men, without whom the masses could not progress. The next group is the trait theories, referring to the focus on traits or qualities that a good leader is thought to possess (though which are not necessarily inborn). The study of â€Å"great men† that preceded this yielded very few commonalities among them, giving rise to the idea that what defines a leader would be the set of admirable characteristics he possessed , such as intelligence, self-confidence, determination and integrity . Behaviourist theories are anchored on the actions of leaders rather than their attributes. Behaviour patterns are studied and categorised to comprise â€Å"leadership styles†. The next school of leadership theories is known as situational leadership. This set of theories views effective leadership not in terms of traits or actions, but the match between these and the situation being addressed. The situational leadership model holds that â€Å"the style of leadership should be mathed ot the level of readiness of the followers†. ... 66). Behaviourist theories, which came next, are anchored on the actions of leaders rather than their attributes. Behaviour patterns are studied and categorised to comprise â€Å"leadership styles†. Behaviourist theorists conceive of leadership in terms of the roles they fulfil, and the manner in which they are expected to fulfil them (Crainer & Dearlove, 2003, p.1). The next school of leadership theories is known as situational leadership. This set of theories views effective leadership not in terms of traits or actions, but the match between these and the situation being addressed. The situational leadership model holds that â€Å"the style of leadership should be mathed ot the level of readiness of the followers† (Hellreigel & Slocum, 2007, p. 221). The model (also known as contingency model) is comprised of three basic components – a set of possible leadership styles, a taxonomy of alternative situations which leaders are likely to encounter, and a stipulatio n of which style constitutes appropriate response to which situation. More recently, the transactional theory of leadership has emerged, focusing on task orientedness and ability to direct groups in a particular way so as to accomplish specific goals. Compliance is ensured through different approaches, such as offering incentives, threatening sanctions, appealing to the group’s sense of duty or selflessness, or prevailing upon their followers’ rational judgment, with the leader having little personal involvement with the group other than driving them to achieve an objective (Martin, et al., 2006, p. 47). Finally, the transformational leadership theory is based on the belief that leadership is not just the sole prerogative of people at the

Friday, November 1, 2019

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Law of Evidence - Essay Example This is the case with Carrie, because she has admitted under cross examination that she had made one prior false complaint of rape against another man. Therefore, in the interest of preserving fairness and equity to the defendant in the case, the Judge may have to issue a warning to the jury to exercise caution. Moreover, the content of his warning should also take into account the fact that she has made a prior false complaint. Therefore, the judge may warn the jury to exercise caution and may suggest to the jury that they look for supporting evidence before arriving at a decision basely solely on Carrie’s evidence. (b) If Carrie had indeed been raped, she would have mentioned it to her friend Eva whom she saw first after the incident, but her response when Eve asked if she was all right was â€Å"sure, why not?† This further substantiates the grounds that Carrie is an unreliable witness The prosecution is likely to argue against the issue of a Manjukola warning. They are likely to state that the entire question of corroboration warnings which purportedly allowed protection for defendants was done away with by the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994. The reason for this was the complexity they brought into judicial proceedings and their tendency to confuse judges. Therefore they are likely to argue that Carrie’s interests will be compromised and the jury will be unnecessarily prejudiced through the issue of a Manjukola warning which is not necessary. 2. The two major issues that arise with this scenario are (a) Stefan’s silence in Court especially in connection with his alibi which could establish innocence and (b) the need for protection of the young witness Ingrid who has been threatened. Stefan will be treated as a competent witness for himself but not as a compellable witness. Therefore, he will be